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The original version
of this paper was presented at the Project Management Institute's
28th Annual Seminar & Symposium, Chicago, Illinois, September 29,
1997. It was subsequently updated
and reproduced on this web site in November 2000.
Republished here
April 2023.
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Appendix A
Knowledge Structure - Universal Project Management Practice
UNIVERSAL PRACTICE [Peer: Provides concepts
to Client Environment; Provides practices to project Integration] &
[Has as primary concepts...]
Client Environment [Peer: Determines Area
of project management Application; Communicates requirements as Commitment;
includes Uncertainty; Has perpetual impact on Real Time; Has goals for success]
& [Consists of...]
Culture, attitudes, and other limitations of the type of sponsoring
organization, location and country
Vision, business, economics
Impacts and limitations of the technology or technologies vested in
the project
Activity-specific vocabulary
Commitment [Peer: Impacts Client Environment;
Responds to Uncertainty; Applies to Management Processes; Imposes constraints
on Project Integration] & [Consists of four
interactive variables...]
Project Scope Management** [Peer: Ties
to Quality; Time; Cost] & [Has outputs...]
Definition of the project's products
Changes to the definitions of the project's products
Project Quality Management** [Peer:
Ties to Scope; Time; Cost] & [Has outputs...]
Definition of the Quality "Grade" of the project's
products, and changes thereto
Conforming to requirements
Project Time Management** [Peer: Ties
to Scope; Quality; Cost] & [Has outputs...]
Schedules, milestones, forecasting time to completion, delivery date
Project Cost Management** [Peer: Ties
to Scope; Quality; Time] & [Has outputs...]
Estimating, budgeting, cost containment, final cost forecasting, Earned
Value, Life-cycle Costing
Project Integration [Peer: Matches Area
of Application; Reports progress as Commitment; Affects Management Processes;
Has management impact on Real Time; Impacts on Success] & [Has
subparts...]
Human Resource Management** [Peer: Ties
to Work; Comms; Info] & [Has outputs...]
Temporary team work, e.g. assembling people, team building, motivating,
developing ownership, negotiating, empowering the people responsible
for component parts, resolving conflicts, disbanding team upon completion
Managing the work of the project [Peer:
Ties to H/R; Comms; Info] & [Has outputs...]
Assembling material resources, facilitating production, productivity,
assuring correct interfacing (i.e. Scope of Work), method study
Communication Management** [Peer: Ties
to H/R; Work; Info] & [Has outputs...]
Listening, directing, reporting, messaging, personal intercommunication,
conducting meetings, fellowship, public relations, disclosure, accord
Information management [Peer: Ties to
H/R; Work; Comms] & [Has outputs...]
Data collection, distribution, visibility, storage, and retrieval
Uncertainty [Peer: Creates opportunity for
Client Environment; Is perpetual in Real Time; Creates risk to Commitment]
& [Has sub-parts...]
Opportunity Management [Peer: Is reciprocal
of Risk] & [Has outputs...]
Market watch, needs analysis, public surveys, creativity
Risk Management** [Peer: Is reciprocal
of Opportunity] & [Has outputs...]
Risk identification, assessment, mitigation, response plan
Management Processes [Peer: Applies to Commitment;
Impacts Real Time; Uses Project Integration] &
[Has sub-parts...]
Overviewing and "Strategizing" the project
[Has outputs...]
Visioning, developing goals and objectives, identifying
a compelling reason, leading, optimizing project effectiveness
and efficiency, performance standards
Procurement Management**
[Has outputs...]
External resourcing (Formal, legal contracting)
Internal resourcing (Negotiating internal resource commitments)
Control management [Has
outputs...]
Planning, organizing, directing, coordinating, monitoring,
analyzing, estimating and forecasting future states up to
the conclusion of the project, corrective action, leading
and supervising
Other techniques and tools
Computer modeling, replacement theory, systems analysis,
value management
Real Time (Life Cycle) [Peer: Imposes management
sequence on Commitment; Affects Success; Has sequential impact on Project
Integration; Is situational for Management Processes] &
[Has sub-parts...]
Perpetual [Uses...]
Conditions imposed by the sponsoring organization throughout the project
Sequential [Uses...]
Genesis (modes) of project management: First Plan, then Produce
Generic periods (major phases): Concept; Development; Execution; Finishing
Logical or optimal sequence of Programs, projects, phases, stages,
milestones, activities and tasks
Situational or cyclical [Uses...]
Timing determined by management process requirements
Success [Peer: Impacts on Client Environment;
Provides goals for Project Integration; Is post-project in Real Time]
& [Responds to...]
Factors implicit in the client's organization
Capturing and distinguishing between client or sponsor's needs and
wants
Identifying measurable indicators of project success as part of the
project's Concept
Matching management people, style and processes to product production
Establishing the "Quality Grade" and content that will engender eventual
satisfaction
Effective and efficient transfer of the project's product(s) upon completion
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Conclusions
